Rankings
Congress over the past decade — the 114th–119th (2015–present) — ranked. By default these lists show members currently in office; tick Include former members to fold in everyone who has served since 2015. Overall lean uses DW-NOMINATE; fiscal and civil-liberties leans use the compass's economic and authority axes; hot-button and per-issue lists use vote scores — all derived from roll-call votes.
Scored from stated positions (Voteview presidential DW-NOMINATE): +0.40 — more conservative than 61% of the members who served this past decade; he'd slot in around #380 of 973most conservative. (He casts no roll-call votes, so he isn't on the compass, issue, or quiz views.)
The extremes
Most conservative
Overall lean (DW-NOMINATE)
- 1
+0.97Pat HarriganR · NC-10 · House - 2
+0.94Tommy TubervilleR · AL · Senate - 3
+0.89Richard McCormickR · GA-7 · House - 4
+0.89Mike LeeR · UT · Senate - 5
+0.88Eric SchmittR · MO · Senate - 6
+0.88Rand PaulR · KY · Senate - 7
+0.86Ralph NormanR · SC-5 · House - 8
+0.84Josh BrecheenR · OK-2 · House - 9
+0.83Andrew S. ClydeR · GA-9 · House - 10
+0.82Keith SelfR · TX-3 · House
Most liberal
Overall lean (DW-NOMINATE)
- 1
-0.76Sylvia R. GarciaD · TX-29 · House - 2
-0.74Elizabeth WarrenD · MA · Senate - 3
-0.66Maxine WatersD · CA-43 · House - 4
-0.63Sean CastenD · IL-6 · House - 5
-0.61Yvette D. ClarkeD · NY-9 · House - 6
-0.61Pramila JayapalD · WA-7 · House - 7
-0.60Lateefah SimonD · CA-12 · House - 8
-0.60Janice D. SchakowskyD · IL-9 · House - 9
-0.60Lauren UnderwoodD · IL-14 · House - 10
-0.59Bonnie Watson ColemanD · NJ-12 · House
Most fiscally conservative
Economic axis (free-market)
- 1
+0.63Mike LeeR · UT · Senate - 2
+0.60Rand PaulR · KY · Senate - 3
+0.59Rick ScottR · FL · Senate - 4
+0.54Chip RoyR · TX-21 · House - 5
+0.53Tommy TubervilleR · AL · Senate - 6
+0.51Ted CruzR · TX · Senate - 7
+0.50Ralph NormanR · SC-5 · House - 8
+0.49James E. RischR · ID · Senate - 9
+0.49Josh HawleyR · MO · Senate - 10
+0.48John KennedyR · LA · Senate
Most fiscally liberal
Economic axis (state / redistribution)
- 1
-1.00Darline GrahamR · SC · Senate - 2
-0.71Mark KellyD · AZ · Senate - 3
-0.71Jon OssoffD · GA · Senate - 4
-0.69Raphael G. WarnockD · GA · Senate - 5
-0.67John FettermanD · PA · Senate - 6
-0.67Alex PadillaD · CA · Senate - 7
-0.65John W. HickenlooperD · CO · Senate - 8
-0.65Tina SmithD · MN · Senate - 9
-0.64Tammy BaldwinD · WI · Senate - 10
-0.64Richard J. DurbinD · IL · Senate
Crossing the aisle
Members who break from their party — ranked by how far they lean toward the other side.
Most liberal Republicans
Overall lean (DW-NOMINATE)
- 1
+0.12Susan M. CollinsR · ME · Senate - 2
+0.14Brian K. FitzpatrickR · PA-1 · House - 3
+0.16Kimberlyn King-HindsR · MP · House - 4
+0.18Christopher H. SmithR · NJ-4 · House - 5
+0.19Michael LawlerR · NY-17 · House - 6
+0.20Thomas H. Kean, Jr.R · NJ-7 · House - 7
+0.20Lisa MurkowskiR · AK · Senate - 8
+0.24Andrew R. GarbarinoR · NY-2 · House - 9
+0.25David P. JoyceR · OH-14 · House - 10
+0.25Nick LaLotaR · NY-1 · House
Most conservative Democrats
Overall lean (DW-NOMINATE)
- 1
-0.10Marie Gluesenkamp PerezD · WA-3 · House - 2
-0.11Jared F. GoldenD · ME-2 · House - 3
-0.17Josh GottheimerD · NJ-5 · House - 4
-0.17Laura GillenD · NY-4 · House - 5
-0.17Eugene Simon VindmanD · VA-7 · House - 6
-0.18John FettermanD · PA · Senate - 7
-0.19Scott H. PetersD · CA-50 · House - 8
-0.20Jim CostaD · CA-21 · House - 9
-0.20Bradley Scott SchneiderD · IL-10 · House - 10
-0.20Josh RileyD · NY-19 · House
Least fiscally conservative Republicans
Economic axis (state / redistribution)
- 1
-1.00Darline GrahamR · SC · Senate - 2
+0.03Ryan MackenzieR · PA-7 · House - 3
+0.08Addison P. McDowellR · NC-6 · House - 4
+0.08Jimmy PatronisR · FL-1 · House - 5
+0.08Mark B. MessmerR · IN-8 · House - 6
+0.08Robert P. Bresnahan, Jr.R · PA-8 · House - 7
+0.10Brian K. FitzpatrickR · PA-1 · House - 8
+0.10Craig A. GoldmanR · TX-12 · House - 9
+0.10Susan M. CollinsR · ME · Senate - 10
+0.10Jefferson Van DrewR · NJ-2 · House
Most fiscally conservative Democrats
Economic axis (free-market)
- 1
+0.03Aisha WahabD · CA-14 · House - 2
-0.01Everton Blair Jr.D · GA-13 · House - 3
-0.06Donald G. DavisD · NC-1 · House - 4
-0.13Marie Gluesenkamp PerezD · WA-3 · House - 5
-0.14Adam GrayD · CA-13 · House - 6
-0.16Henry CuellarD · TX-28 · House - 7
-0.27Sarah McBrideD · DE · House - 8
-0.27Laura GillenD · NY-4 · House - 9
-0.29Jim CostaD · CA-21 · House - 10
-0.30Gabe VasquezD · NM-2 · House
Beyond left–right
The compass's authority axis (personal freedom ↔ state control), plus who sits nearest the center of Congress.
Most pro–civil-liberties
Authority axis (personal freedom)
- 1
-0.73Angela D. AlsobrooksD · MD · Senate - 2
-0.65Bernard SandersI · VT · Senate - 3
-0.62Yassamin AnsariD · AZ-3 · House - 4
-0.61Maxine DexterD · OR-3 · House - 5
-0.60Edward J. MarkeyD · MA · Senate - 6
-0.59Jeff MerkleyD · OR · Senate - 7
-0.57Alex PadillaD · CA · Senate - 8
-0.57Kirsten E. GillibrandD · NY · Senate - 9
-0.55Delia C. RamirezD · IL-3 · House - 10
-0.55John W. HickenlooperD · CO · Senate
Most authoritarian
Authority axis (state control)
- 1
+1.00Darline GrahamR · SC · Senate - 2
+0.92Alan ArmstrongR · OK · Senate - 3
+0.88Tim SheehyR · MT · Senate - 4
+0.83James C. JusticeR · WV · Senate - 5
+0.82John CornynR · TX · Senate - 6
+0.82Jon HustedR · OH · Senate - 7
+0.81John BarrassoR · WY · Senate - 8
+0.81Ron JohnsonR · WI · Senate - 9
+0.80John ThuneR · SD · Senate - 10
+0.79James E. RischR · ID · Senate
Most moderate
Closest to center (DW-NOMINATE)
- 1
-0.10Marie Gluesenkamp PerezD · WA-3 · House - 2
-0.11Jared F. GoldenD · ME-2 · House - 3
+0.12Susan M. CollinsR · ME · Senate - 4
+0.14Brian K. FitzpatrickR · PA-1 · House - 5
+0.15Kevin KileyI · CA-3 · House - 6
+0.16Kimberlyn King-HindsR · MP · House - 7
-0.17Josh GottheimerD · NJ-5 · House - 8
-0.17Laura GillenD · NY-4 · House - 9
-0.17Angus S. King, Jr.I · ME · Senate - 10
-0.17Eugene Simon VindmanD · VA-7 · House
Mavericks & loyalists
How far a member's 14-issue voting profile sits from their own party's median — who strays furthest, and who hugs the party line.
Biggest mavericks
Furthest from own party's median
- 1
+2.76Marie Gluesenkamp PerezD · WA-3 · House - 2
+2.74Jared F. GoldenD · ME-2 · House - 3
+2.60Donald G. DavisD · NC-1 · House - 4
+2.43Susan M. CollinsR · ME · Senate - 5
+2.24Henry CuellarD · TX-28 · House - 6
+2.23Charles E. SchumerD · NY · Senate - 7
+2.20Gary C. PetersD · MI · Senate - 8
+2.18Christopher MurphyD · CT · Senate - 9
+2.18Jack ReedD · RI · Senate - 10
+2.17Bill CassidyR · LA · Senate
Most party-line
Closest to own party's median
- 1
+0.09Paul TonkoD · NY-20 · House - 2
+0.11Donald S. Beyer, Jr.D · VA-8 · House - 3
+0.12André CarsonD · IN-7 · House - 4
+0.12Katherine M. ClarkD · MA-5 · House - 5
+0.13Suzan K. DelBeneD · WA-1 · House - 6
+0.13Robin L. KellyD · IL-2 · House - 7
+0.13Chellie PingreeD · ME-1 · House - 8
+0.13Doris O. MatsuiD · CA-7 · House - 9
+0.14Mike ThompsonD · CA-4 · House - 10
+0.14Gwen MooreD · WI-4 · House
Hot-button issues
Per-issue lean scored from votes on each topic (−1 liberal ↔ +1 conservative).
Strongest gun-rights record
Guns (conservative)
- 1
+1.00Nicholas J. Begich IIIR · AK · House - 2
+1.00Dan SullivanR · AK · Senate - 3
+1.00Lisa MurkowskiR · AK · Senate - 4
+1.00Dale W. StrongR · AL-5 · House - 5
+1.00Tommy TubervilleR · AL · Senate - 6
+1.00Katie Boyd BrittR · AL · Senate - 7
+1.00John BoozmanR · AR · Senate - 8
+1.00Elijah CraneR · AZ-2 · House - 9
+1.00Juan CiscomaniR · AZ-6 · House - 10
+1.00Abraham J. HamadehR · AZ-8 · House
Strongest gun-control record
Guns (liberal)
- 1
-1.00Shomari FiguresD · AL-2 · House - 2
-1.00Yassamin AnsariD · AZ-3 · House - 3
-1.00Adelita S. GrijalvaD · AZ-7 · House - 4
-1.00Mark KellyD · AZ · Senate - 5
-1.00Lateefah SimonD · CA-12 · House - 6
-1.00Sam T. LiccardoD · CA-16 · House - 7
-1.00Luz M. RivasD · CA-29 · House - 8
-1.00Laura FriedmanD · CA-30 · House - 9
-1.00Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr.D · CA-31 · House - 10
-1.00Alex PadillaD · CA · Senate
Most anti-abortion
Abortion & reproductive rights (conservative)
- 1
+1.00Nicholas J. Begich IIIR · AK · House - 2
+1.00Lisa MurkowskiR · AK · Senate - 3
+1.00Barry MooreR · AL-1 · House - 4
+1.00Dale W. StrongR · AL-5 · House - 5
+1.00Elijah CraneR · AZ-2 · House - 6
+1.00Juan CiscomaniR · AZ-6 · House - 7
+1.00Abraham J. HamadehR · AZ-8 · House - 8
+1.00Kevin KileyI · CA-3 · House - 9
+1.00Vince FongR · CA-20 · House - 10
+1.00Jay ObernolteR · CA-23 · House
Most abortion-rights
Abortion & reproductive rights (liberal)
- 1
-1.00Shomari FiguresD · AL-2 · House - 2
-1.00Tom CottonR · AR · Senate - 3
-1.00Yassamin AnsariD · AZ-3 · House - 4
-1.00Adelita S. GrijalvaD · AZ-7 · House - 5
-1.00Lateefah SimonD · CA-12 · House - 6
-1.00Adam GrayD · CA-13 · House - 7
-1.00Kevin MullinD · CA-15 · House - 8
-1.00Sam T. LiccardoD · CA-16 · House - 9
-1.00George WhitesidesD · CA-27 · House - 10
-1.00Luz M. RivasD · CA-29 · House
Most restrictionist on immigration
Immigration & border (conservative)
- 1
+1.00Nicholas J. Begich IIIR · AK · House - 2
+1.00Dale W. StrongR · AL-5 · House - 3
+1.00Tommy TubervilleR · AL · Senate - 4
+1.00Katie Boyd BrittR · AL · Senate - 5
+1.00Juan CiscomaniR · AZ-6 · House - 6
+1.00Abraham J. HamadehR · AZ-8 · House - 7
+1.00Vince FongR · CA-20 · House - 8
+1.00Jay ObernolteR · CA-23 · House - 9
+1.00Young KimR · CA-40 · House - 10
+1.00Jeff HurdR · CO-3 · House
Most pro-immigration
Immigration & border (liberal)
- 1
-1.00Adelita S. GrijalvaD · AZ-7 · House - 2
-1.00Alex PadillaD · CA · Senate - 3
-1.00John W. HickenlooperD · CO · Senate - 4
-1.00Raphael G. WarnockD · GA · Senate - 5
-1.00Delia C. RamirezD · IL-3 · House - 6
-1.00Angela D. AlsobrooksD · MD · Senate - 7
-1.00Analilia MejiaD · NJ-11 · House - 8
-1.00Christian D. MenefeeD · TX-18 · House - 9
-1.00James R. WalkinshawD · VA-11 · House - 10
-0.96Laura FriedmanD · CA-30 · House
Every other issue
The extremes on the remaining topics — top five each way, scored from votes on each issue.
Economy & labor
Healthcare
Environment & energy
Crime & policing
Defense & veterans
Foreign policy & trade
Civil rights & social
Education
Taxes & fiscal
Government & democracy
Most & least bipartisan bills
By agreement between the parties on the bill's main vote — Dem Yea% vs Rep Yea%.
Most bipartisan
Highlights: This bill provides continuing FY2016 appropriations to federal agencies until December 11, 2015, or the enactment of specified appropriations legislation. It is known as a continuing resolution (CR) and preve…
Department of Veterans Affairs Budget Planning Reform Act of 2015 (Sec. 2) Directs the Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA) to submit annually to Congress a Future-Years Veterans Program (Program) reflecting estimated expe…
(This measure has not been amended since it was introduced. The expanded summary of the House reported version is repeated here.) Honor America's Guard-Reserve Retirees Act (Sec. 2) Any person who is entitled to retired…
Hamas Human Shields Prevention Act (Sec. 3) This bill states that it is U.S. policy to condemn Hamas's use of human shields and act against those engaging in or supporting the use of human shields. (Sec. 4) The President…
(This measure has not been amended since it was reported to the House on November 7, 2017. The summary of that version is repeated here.) Veterans Fair Debt Notice Act of 2017 (Sec. 2) This bill directs the Department of…
75th Anniversary of World War II Commemoration Act This bill directs the Department of Defense (DOD) to conduct a program to commemorate the 75th anniversary of World War II. The program may include activities and ceremo…
Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Act This bill establishes the Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating anti-Semitism as an ambassador-rank official, appointed by the President, by and with the advice…
(Sec. 1) This bill amends the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act to prohibit any administrative action to recover any payment made to a state or local government for disaster or emergency ass…
Divided Families Reunification Act This bill directs the Department of State to periodically report to Congress on its consultations with South Korea on potential opportunities to reunite Korean Americans with family in…
PPP and Bank Fraud Enforcement Harmonization Act of 2022 This bill establishes a 10-year statute of limitations for criminal charges and civil enforcement against a borrower who engages in fraud with respect to a Paychec…
Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2017 This bill modifies the criteria for evaluating whether countries are meeting the minimum standards for combatting human trafficking. The President shall ensure t…
This bill extends the presumption of service connection for certain diseases associated with herbicide exposure to veterans who served: (1) in the territorial seas of Vietnam between January 9, 1962, and May 7, 1975, or…
Least bipartisan (party-line)
This joint resolution nullifies a rule published on June 5, 2020, by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency within the Department of the Treasury. The rule generally revises the office's implementation of the Comm…
This bill generally provides statutory authority for certain health reimbursement arrangements and other alternative health insurance options for employers. TITLE I--ASSOCIATION HEALTH PLANS ACT This title provides statu…
Freedom to Vote: John R. Lewis Act This bill addresses voter registration and voting access, election integrity and security, redistricting, campaign finance, and voting rights. Specifically, the bill expands voter regis…
This joint resolution nullifies the final rule issued by the Department of Education titled Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance and published o…
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 DIVISION A--DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AUTHORIZATIONS TITLE I--PROCUREMENT This title authorizes appropriations for the acquisition or modification of various military i…
Protecting Health Care for All Patients Act of 2023 This bill prohibits all federal health care programs, including the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program, and federally funded state health care programs (e.g., Me…
Pandemic is Over Act This bill terminates the COVID-19 public health emergency that was declared on January 31, 2020, on the date of the bill's enactment.
Cutting Green Corruption and Taxes Act This bill repeals certain programs for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, it repeals the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, which provides financial and technical assistan…
Secure America Act This act provides $70 billion in funding to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) through FY2029 for im…
Protecting Speech from Government Interference Act This bill generally prohibits federal employees from censoring the speech of others while acting in an official capacity. Specifically, the bill prohibits employees of e…
Family and Small Business Taxpayer Protection Act This bill rescinds certain unobligated amounts made available to the Internal Revenue Service by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 for its enforcement activities and fo…
District of Columbia Judicial Nominations Reform Act This bill terminates the District of Columbia (DC) Judicial Nomination Commission. Currently, the commission recommends to the President nominees for judges for DC's S…